References All of the information provided by the Whey Protein Institute is based upon published scientific research. Please refer to the list of references below for further information. Journal Articles Protein Quality/Physical Performance Blomstrand, E. and Newsholme, E.A., 1992. "Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on the exercise-induced change in aromatic amino acid concentration in human muscle." Acta Physiol. Scand., 146:293-298 Bronner, F., 1999. "Calcium in exercise and sport." In Macroelements, Water, and Electrolytes. Eds. Driskell, J.A., and Wolinsky, J.A. CRC Press, 17-27. Esmarck, J.L., Andersen, Olsen, S., Richter, E.A., Mizuno, M., and Kjaer, M., 2001, "Timing of post-exercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans." Journal of Physiology, 535.1:301-311. Read Abstract Griffiths, H.R., 2000. "Antioxidants and protein oxidation." Free Radical Research, Supplement, 33:S47-58. Hoerr R.A., Bostwick E.F., 2000. "Bioactive proteins and probiotic bacteria: modulators of nutritional health." Nutrition, July-August, 16(7-8): 711-713. Kreider, R., Miriel, V., and Bertun, E., 1993. "Amino acid supplementation and exercise performance." Sports Medicine, 16:190-209. Lemon, W.R. et al, 1996. "Is increased dietary protein necessary or beneficial for individuals with a physically active lifestyle?" Nutrition Reviews Supplement, 54:S169-175. Lemon, W.R., 1998. "Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 8(4): 426-447. Read Abstract Raguso, C.A., Pereira, P., Young, V.R., 1999. "A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy young adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, October, 70(4):474-483. Read Abstract Read Full Text Schena, F., Guerrini, F., Tregnaghi, P., and Kayser, B., 1992. "Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude." European Journal of Applied Physiology, 65:394-398. Van Hall, G., Saris, W.H.M., Van De Schoor, P.A., and Watenmakers, A.J.M., 2000. "The effects of free glutamine and peptide ingestion on the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis in man." International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21:25-30. Yu, Y.M., Ryan C.M., Castillo L., Lu X.M., Beaumier L., Tompkins R.G., Young V.R., 2001. "Arginine and ornithine kinetics in severely burned patients: increased rate of arginine disposal." American Journal of Physiol Endocrinol Metabolism, March, 280(3):E509-E517. Read Abstract Read Full Text Digestion Boirie, Y., et al., 1997. “Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate post-prandial protein accretion.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94:14930-14935. Dangin, M., Boirie, Y., Guillet, C., and Beaufrere, B. 2002. “Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects.” Journal of Nutrition, October, 132:3228S-3233S.y of Sciences, 94:14930-14935. Read Abstract Tolia, V., Lin, C., and Kuhns, L. 1992. “Gastric emptying using three different formulas in infants with gastroesophaegeal reflux.” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 15(3):297-301. Cardiovascular Health Appel, L. et. al., 1997. “A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure.” The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(16):1117-1124. Read Abstract FitzGerald, R.J., Meisel, H., 1999. “Lactokinins: Whey protein-derived ACE inhibitory peptides.” Nahrung 43:165-167. FitzGerald, R.J., Meisel, H., 2000. “Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin -1-converting enzyme.” British Journal of Nutrition. 84:S33-S37. Read Abstract Groziak S.M, Miller G.D., 2000. “Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system.” British Journal of Nutrition, Supplement, November, 84(1):S119-S125. Read Abstract McCarron, D.A., 1998. “Diet and high blood pressure - the paradigm shift.” Science, 281:933. McCarron, D. A., 2000. “Dietary calcium and blood pressure control: lessons learned from controlled clinical trials.” Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation, 353:6-9. Miller, G.D. et al., 2000. “Benefits of dairy product consumption on blood pressure in humans: a summary of the biomedical literature.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, April 19 (2 Suppl): S147-S164. Read Full Text Read Abstract Mullally, M., Meisel, H. and Fitzgerald, R., 1997. “Angiotensin-I-Converting enzyme inhibitory activities of gastric and pancreatic proteinase digests of whey proteins.” International Dairy Journal, 7:299-303. Pfeuffer, M., Schrezenmeir, J., 2000. “Bioactive substances in milk with properties decreasing risk of cardiovascular diseases.” British Journal of Nutrition, Supplement, 84(1):S155-S159. Read Abstract Pihlanto-Leppala, A. et.al., 2000. “Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey protein digest: concentration and characterization of active peptides.” Journal of Dairy Research, 67:53-64. Pins, J., and Keenan, J., 2002. “The antihypertensive effects of a hydrolyzed whey protein isolate supplement (BioZate 1®).” Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 16(Supp. 1):68. Read Abstract Rutherford, K. J., Gill, H.S., 2000. “Peptides affecting coagulation.” British Journal of Nutrition, 84:S99-S102. Read Abstract Sharpe, S.J., Gamble, G.D., Sharpe, D.N., 1994. “Cholesterol-lowering and blood pressure effect of immune milk.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59:929-934. Read Abstract Cancer Bounous, G., 2000. "Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment." Anticancer Research, 20:4785-4792. Bounous, G., Baptist, G., and Gold, P., 1991. "Whey proteins in cancer prevention." Cancer Letters 57:91. Hakkak, R., Korourian, S., Shelnutt, S. R., et. al., 2000. "Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 9:113-117. Read Abstract Read Full Text Hakkak, R., Korourian, S., Ronis, M.J., Johnston, J., and Badger, T., 2001. "Dietary whey protein protects against azoxymethand-induced colon tumors in male rats." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 10:555-558. Read Abstract Read Full Text Kennedy, R. et. al., 1995. "The use of a whey protein concentrate in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma: A phase I-II clinical study." Anticancer Research, 15:2643-2650. McIntosh, G.H., et al., 1995. "Dietary proteins protect against dimethylhydrazine-induced intestinal cancers in rats." Journal of Nutrition, 125:809-816. Takada, Y., Aoe, S., Kumegawa, M., 1996. "Whey protein stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 Cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 223:445-449. Read Abstract Tsai, W., Chang, W., Chen, C.H., and Lu, F., 2000. "Enhancing effect of patented whey protein isolate (Immunocal) on the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drug." Nutrition and Cancer, 38(2):200-208. Tsuda, H., et al, 2000. "Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin." Mutation Research, 462:227-233. Read Abstract Immune Defense Bounous, G., Gervais, F., Amer, V., Batist, G., Gold, P., 1989. "The influence of dietary protein on tissue glutathione and the diseases of aging." Clinical Investigative Medicine, 12, 6:343. Bounous, G, Gold, P., 1991. "The biological activity of undenatured dietary whey proteins: role of glutathione." Clinical Investigative Medicine, 14(4):296-309. Bounous, G. et. al., 1989. "Immunoenhancing property of dietary whey protein in mice: role of glutathione." Clinical Investigative Medicine, 12:154-161. Bounous, G., Molson, J., 1999. "Competition for glutathione precursors between the immune system and the skeletal muscle: Pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome." Medical Hypothesis, 53(4):347-349. Docena, G.H. et. al., 1996. "Identification of casein as the major allergenic and antigenic protein in cow's milk." Allergy, 51(6):412-416. Kennedy, R.S., Bounous, G., Konok, G.P., Baruchel, S., Lee, T.D.G., 1995. "The use of a whey protein concentrate in the treatment of patients with metastatic carcinoma: A phase I-II Clinical Study." Anticancer Research, 15:2643-2650. Kuwata, H. et.al., 1998. "Direct evidence of the generation in human stomach of anti-microbial peptide domain(lactoferricin) from ingested lactoferrin." Biochem. Biophys Acta, 1429:129-141. LeBoucher, J. et al., 1999. "Modulation of immune response with ornithine A-ketoglutarate in burn injury: an arginine or glutamine dependency?" Nutrition, October, 15(10):773-777. Wang, H., Ye, X., Ng, T.B., 2000. "First demonstration of an inhibitory activity of milk proteins against human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and the effect of succinylation." Life Sciences, 67:2745-2752. Wong, C.W. et al., 1997. "Effects of purified bovine whey factors on cellular immune functions in ruminants." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 56:85-96. HIV Beeh, M., Schlaak, J.F., Buhl, R., 2001. "Oral supplementation with whey proteins increases plasma glutathione levels of HIV infected patients." European Journal of Clinical Investigation, February, 31(2):171-178. Berkhout, B. et al., 2002. "Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other milk proteins and protein-derived peptides." Antiviral Research, 55:341-355. Bounous, G. et. al., 1991. "Whey protein as a food supplement in HIV-seropositive individuals." Clinical Investigative Medicine, 16(3):204-209. Bounous, G., 1997. "Immuno-enhancing properties of undenatured milk serum protein isolate in HIV patients." Conference Proceedings of the 2nd International Whey Conference, October 27-29, 293-305. Jahoor, F. et. al., 1999. "Erythrocyte glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV infection is associated with decreased synthesis rate." American Journal of Physiology Ð Endocrinology and Metabolism, 276(1):E205-E211. Read Abstract Micke, P., Beeh, K., Schlaak, J.F., and Buhl, R. 2001. "Oral supplementation with whey proteins increases plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients." European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 31(2):171-178. Bone Health Hannan, M. et. al., 2000. "Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study." Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 15(12):2504-2512. Read Abstract Jackson, K.A., Savaiano, D.A., 2001. "Lactose maldigestion, calcium intake and osteoporosis in African, Asian, and Hispanic-Americans." Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Supplement, April, 20(2):198S-207S. Read Abstract Infant Nutrition Darling, P., Dunn, M., Sarwar, G., Brooks, S., Ball, R.O., and Pencharz, P., 1999. "Threonine kinetics in pre-term infants fed their mothers milk or formula with various ratios of whey to casein." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(1):105-114. Giampietro, P., et al., 2001. "Hypoallergenicity of an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 12(2):83-86. Heine, W.E., et al., 1991. "The importance of alpha-lactoglobulin in infant nutrition." Journal of Nutrition, 121:277-283. Jednak, M. et. al., 1999. "Protein meals reduce nausea and gastric slow wave dysrhythmic activity in first trimester pregnancy." American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 227(4):G855-G861. Read Abstract Read Full Text Jost, R. et. al., 1999. "Aspects of whey protein usage in infant nutrition, a brief review." International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 34:533-542. Lonnerdal, B., Hernell, O., 1998. "Effects of feeding ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) treated infant formula with different protein concentrations or powdered formula, as compared to breast-feeding, on plasma amino acids, hematology, and trace element status." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, August, 68(2):350-356. Read Abstract Lucassen, P., et al., 2000. "Infantile colic: Crying time reduction with a whey hydrolysate: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial." Pediatrics, 106(6):1349-1354 Merritt, R., Carter, M., Haight, M., Einsenberg, L., 1990. "Whey protein hydrolysate formula for infants with gastrointestinal intolerance to cow milk and soy protein in infant formulas." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 11:78-82. Rigo, J., et al., 2001. "An infant formula free of glycomacropeptide prevents hyperthreoninemia in formula-fed preterm infants." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 32:127-130. Weight Management Beucher, S., Levenez, F., Yvon, M., and Corring, T., 1994. "Effects of gastric digestive products from casein on CCK release by intestinal cells in rats." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, December, Volume 5. Layman, D., 2003. "The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis." Journal of Nutrition, 133:252-256. Read Abstract Layman, D. et al. 2003. "Increased Dietary Protein Modifies Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Adult Women during Weight Loss." Journal of Nutrition, 133: 405-410. Read Abstract Layman, D. et al. 2003. "A Reduced Ratio of Dietary Carbohydrate to Protein Improves Body Composition and Blood Lipid Profiles during Weight Loss in Adult Women." Journal of Nutrition, 133: 411-417. Read Abstract Zemel, M.B., 2003. "Mechanisms of Dairy Modulation of Adiposity." Journal of Nutrition, 133:252-256. Read Abstract Dental Health Loimaranta, V., et. al., 1999. "Effects of bovine immune and non-immune whey preparations on the composition and pH response of human dental plaque." European Journal of Oral Science, August,107(4):244-250 Mental Performance Markus, C.R., Olivier, B., et al., 2002. "Whey protein rich in alpha-lactalbumin increases the ratio of plasma tryptophan to the sum of the other large neutral amino acids and improves cognitive performance in stress-vulnerable subjects." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75:1051-1056. Read Abstract Miscellaneous Meisel, H., Fitzgerald, R.J., 2000. "Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences". British Journal of Nutrition, 84:S27-S31. Read Abstract Rayner, et. al., 2000. "Mitogenic whey extract stimulates wound repair activity in vitro and promotes healing of rat incisional wounds." American Journal of Physiology and Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiology, 278:R1651-R1660. Read Abstract Sawyer, L., Kontopidis, G., 2000. "The core lipocalin, bovine Beta-Lactoglobulin." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1482:136-148. Shah N.P., 2000. "Effects of milk-derived bioactives: an overview." British Journal of Nutrition, November, Supplement, 84(1):S3-S10. Read Abstract Wu, S., Perez, M., Puyol, P., Sawyer, L. 1999. "Beta-Lactoglobulin binds palmitate within its central cavity." The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(1):170-174. Read Abstract Publications & Other References Essentials of Functional Foods, 1999, Mary Schmidl and Theodore Labuza. Handbook of Dairy Foods and Nutrition, Second Edition, 1991, Miller, G., Jarvis, J., McBean, L., National Dairy Council. Nutritional and physiological role of milk proteins components, Bulletin of the IDF (International Dairy Federation) 336, 1998, Tome, D. and Ledoux. Protein Quality Evaluation, Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 1991. Reference Manual For U.S. Whey Products, U.S. Dairy Export Council, 2nd Edition, 1999. The American Dietetic Association's Complete Food & Nutrition Guide, 1998. Whey proteins as nutritional and functional food ingredients. Technical paper presented at the Australia Synposium on Food Science & Technology, Sydney, Australia, September, 1995, Regester, G., McIntosh, G., Lee, V.W., and Smithers, G.W.
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